草 食 家 畜

布鲁氏菌病(简称布病)是一种由布鲁氏菌属细菌感染引起的人畜共患病,危害较大,被世界动物卫生组织(OIE)列为B类动物疫病,被我国列为乙类传染病和二类动物疫病。布病造成巨大损失,对人类的生命健康和畜牧业的健康发展均存在严重威胁,患布病的母畜在患病期间和流产后的很长时间内依然可以通过乳汁排菌。牛奶自古以来被人类认定是"最接近完美的食物",为人类特别是婴幼儿提供必需的膳食营养素,"民以食为天,食以安为先",因此牛奶的质量与安全尤为重要。本文概述了布病流行现状及危害,从病原学、血清学、分子生物学方面综述了牛奶中布鲁氏菌检测技术,从而提出在实际应用中,积极探索建立快速、简便、敏感、特异性强、生物安全水平高的牛奶中布鲁氏菌的检测方法,综合对比各种检测方法优缺点,科学组合方法实现布病防控目的。同时积极探索建立一种可同时检测牛奶中布鲁氏菌和结核杆菌的特异、敏感、简便且不进行增菌的多重PCR方法,对于从源头上确保牛奶的质量安全,系统化控制牛奶污染引发的人畜共患病以及溯源患病奶牛场(户)消除布鲁氏菌和结核杆菌风险因子具有重要意义。

[Status] Brucellosis is a kind of zoonosis caused by Brucella, which is harmful to human beings and many animals. It is classified as Class B animal disease by the World Organization for Animal Health(OIE), and as Category B infectious disease and Class II animal disease by China. [Problem] Brucellosis causes huge losses and poses a serious threat to human life and health as well as the healthy development of animal husbandry. Female animals suffering from brucellosis can still excrete bacteria through milk for a long time during the illness and after abortion. Milk has been recognized by humans as the "closest to perfect food" since ancient times, and it provides essential dietary nutrients for humans, especially infants and young children. "Food is food to safety first" [mm1]. Therefore, the quality and safety of milk are particularly important. [Countermeasures] In this article, the prevalence status and harms of brucellosis were summarized,and the detection technologies of Brucella in milk were also reviewed from the aspects of etiology, serology and molecular biology, and it was proposed to actively explore the establishment of rapid, simple and sensitive method for detecting Brucella in milk with strong specificity and high level of biological safety,comprehensively compare the advantages and disadvantages of various detection methods, and scientifically combine methods to achieve the purpose of brucellosis prevention and control. [Conclusion] In actual application, measures should be adapted according to local conditions in combination with the local status quo to scientifically combine several methods to carry out brucellosis prevention and control. At the same time, a multiplex PCR method with the characteristics of specificity, sensitivity, simpleness and non-enrichment of bacteria should be actively explored and established, which could achieve simultaneous detection of Brucella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in milk. The method would be of great significance for ensuring the quality and safety of milk from the source, systematically controlling zoonoses caused by milk contamination, and tracing the source of diseased dairy farms(households) to eliminate the risk factors of Brucella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.